:root{--page-surface: var(--white);--selection-bg: rgba(20, 125, 142, .3)}@layer tokens,base,components;@layer base{html,body{overflow-x:clip}button{border:none;background:none}ul,ol{list-style:none}}.article-header{background:#f5f5f5;padding:clamp(7rem,14vh,10rem) var(--px) clamp(3rem,6vh,5rem)}.article-header-inner{max-width:var(--container);margin-inline:auto;display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:clamp(2rem,4vw,4rem);align-items:stretch}.article-header-content{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:space-between;gap:clamp(2.5rem,5vh,4rem)}.article-header-title-group{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:clamp(1.25rem,2.5vh,1.75rem)}.breadcrumbs{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:8px;font-family:var(--font-body);font-size:.875rem;color:var(--ink-3)}.breadcrumbs a{color:var(--ink-3);transition:color .2s ease}.breadcrumbs a:hover{color:var(--ink)}.breadcrumbs a.is-current{color:var(--teal-500)}.breadcrumbs-sep{color:var(--ink-5)}.article-header h1{font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:clamp(1.875rem,4vw,3.25rem);font-weight:400;line-height:1.08;letter-spacing:-.025em;color:var(--ink)}.article-header-image-mobile{display:none;margin-top:1.5rem;aspect-ratio:16 / 10;border-radius:14px;background:radial-gradient(80% 60% at 70% 30%,rgba(88,181,197,.5),transparent 65%),linear-gradient(135deg,var(--teal-500),var(--navy-800));position:relative}.article-header-image-mobile:after{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0;background:repeating-linear-gradient(115deg,transparent 0,transparent 22px,rgba(255,255,255,.05) 22px,rgba(255,255,255,.05) 23px);border-radius:14px}.article-header-actions{display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:center;gap:clamp(1.5rem,3vw,2.5rem);flex-wrap:wrap}.actions-block{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.875rem;flex-wrap:nowrap}.actions-label{font-family:var(--font-body);font-size:.875rem;color:var(--ink-3);text-transform:none;letter-spacing:0;flex-shrink:0;white-space:nowrap}@media(max-width:600px){.article-header-actions{flex-direction:column;align-items:flex-start;gap:1rem}}.actions-row{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px}.action-btn{width:38px;height:38px;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--white);border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.06);border-radius:9px;color:var(--ink-3);transition:background .2s ease,color .2s ease,transform .2s ease,box-shadow .2s ease,border-color .2s ease;position:relative;overflow:hidden}.action-btn:hover{background:var(--white);color:var(--ink);border-color:#00000026;transform:translateY(-1px);box-shadow:0 6px 14px #00000014}.action-btn.is-share:hover{background:var(--ink);color:#fff;border-color:var(--ink)}.action-btn img{width:20px;height:20px;object-fit:contain;display:block;border-radius:4px}.action-btn svg.is-chatgpt{width:18px;height:18px}.action-btn svg{width:16px;height:16px;fill:currentColor}.action-btn:after{content:attr(data-tooltip);position:absolute;bottom:calc(100% + 8px);left:50%;transform:translate(-50%) translateY(4px);background:var(--ink);color:#fff;font-size:11px;font-weight:500;padding:5px 10px;border-radius:6px;white-space:nowrap;opacity:0;pointer-events:none;transition:opacity .2s ease,transform .2s ease;z-index:10}.action-btn:hover:after{opacity:1;transform:translate(-50%) translateY(0)}.copy-feedback{position:absolute;inset:0;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;background:var(--teal-500);border-radius:8px;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;transition:opacity .2s ease,visibility .2s ease}.copy-feedback.is-active{opacity:1;visibility:visible}.copy-feedback svg{fill:#fff}.article-header-image{aspect-ratio:16 / 10;border-radius:14px;background:radial-gradient(80% 60% at 70% 30%,rgba(88,181,197,.5),transparent 65%),linear-gradient(135deg,var(--teal-500),var(--navy-800));position:relative;overflow:hidden}.article-header-image:after{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0;background:repeating-linear-gradient(115deg,transparent 0,transparent 22px,rgba(255,255,255,.05) 22px,rgba(255,255,255,.05) 23px)}@media(max-width:900px){.article-header-inner{grid-template-columns:1fr}.article-header-image{display:none}.article-header-image-mobile{display:block}}.article-body{padding:clamp(3rem,6vh,5rem) var(--px) clamp(5rem,10vh,7rem)}.article-body-inner{max-width:var(--container);margin-inline:auto;display:grid;grid-template-columns:280px 1fr;gap:clamp(2rem,4vw,4rem);align-items:start}.article-sidebar{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:1.5rem;position:sticky;top:100px}.sidebar-author{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.25rem;padding-bottom:1.25rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--stone-200)}.sidebar-author-label{font-size:.8125rem;color:var(--ink-3)}.sidebar-author-name{font-size:.9375rem;font-weight:500;color:var(--ink);text-decoration:none;transition:color .2s ease}a.sidebar-author-name:hover{color:var(--teal-500)}.sidebar-cta{display:block;position:relative;padding:1.25rem;border-radius:14px;background:radial-gradient(60% 80% at 80% 20%,rgba(48,160,179,.3),transparent 65%),linear-gradient(160deg,var(--teal-500) 0%,#0b1120 100%);color:#fff;overflow:hidden;transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1),box-shadow .3s ease}.sidebar-cta:after{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0;background:repeating-linear-gradient(115deg,transparent 0,transparent 22px,rgba(255,255,255,.04) 22px,rgba(255,255,255,.04) 23px);pointer-events:none}.sidebar-cta:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);box-shadow:0 18px 40px -18px #0b112066}.sidebar-cta-text{position:relative;font-size:.9375rem;line-height:1.4;color:#fff;margin-bottom:1rem}.sidebar-cta-row{position:relative;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:6px;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:500;color:#ffffffd9}.sidebar-cta-row svg{width:14px;height:14px;fill:#ffffffb3;transition:transform .2s ease}.sidebar-cta:hover .sidebar-cta-row svg{transform:translate(3px)}.article-content{max-width:44rem}.article-lead{font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:clamp(1.125rem,1.5vw,1.375rem);font-weight:400;line-height:1.45;letter-spacing:-.01em;color:var(--ink);padding-bottom:1.75rem;margin-bottom:1.75rem;border-bottom:1px solid var(--stone-200);font-style:italic}.article-rich p,.article-rich ul,.article-rich ol,.article-rich figure{margin-bottom:1.25rem}.article-rich p{font-family:var(--font-body);font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.75;color:var(--ink-2)}.article-rich p:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.article-rich strong{font-weight:600;color:var(--ink)}.article-rich a{color:var(--teal-500);text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px;text-decoration-thickness:1px;transition:color .2s ease}.article-rich a:hover{color:var(--teal-600)}.article-rich sup a{font-size:.7em;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none;padding:0 2px}.article-rich h2{font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:clamp(1.625rem,2.4vw,2rem);font-weight:400;line-height:1.15;letter-spacing:-.02em;color:var(--ink);margin-top:2.75rem;margin-bottom:1rem}.article-rich h3{font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:clamp(1.25rem,1.7vw,1.4375rem);font-weight:400;line-height:1.2;letter-spacing:-.015em;color:var(--ink);margin-top:2rem;margin-bottom:.75rem}.article-rich ul,.article-rich ol{padding-left:1.5rem}.article-rich ul li,.article-rich ol li{font-family:var(--font-body);font-size:1.0625rem;line-height:1.75;color:var(--ink-2);margin-bottom:.5rem;position:relative}.article-rich ul li:before{content:"";position:absolute;left:-1.25rem;top:.7em;width:5px;height:5px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--teal-500)}.article-rich ol{counter-reset:list-counter}.article-rich ol li{counter-increment:list-counter}.article-rich ol li:before{content:counter(list-counter) ".";position:absolute;left:-1.5rem;font-weight:600;color:var(--teal-500)}.article-figure{margin:2rem 0;border-radius:12px;overflow:hidden}.article-figure-image{aspect-ratio:16 / 9;position:relative;border-radius:12px;overflow:hidden}.article-figure-image.cat-data{background:radial-gradient(70% 60% at 30% 70%,rgba(88,181,197,.4),transparent 65%),linear-gradient(135deg,var(--navy-800),var(--navy-700))}.article-figure-image.cat-lab{background:radial-gradient(70% 60% at 70% 30%,rgba(186,176,163,.45),transparent 65%),linear-gradient(135deg,var(--ink-2),var(--ink))}.article-figure-image:after{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0;background:repeating-linear-gradient(115deg,transparent 0,transparent 22px,rgba(255,255,255,.05) 22px,rgba(255,255,255,.05) 23px)}.article-figure figcaption{margin-top:.75rem;font-family:var(--font-body);font-size:.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--ink-3);text-align:center}.article-disclaimer{font-family:var(--font-body);font-size:.8125rem;line-height:1.55;color:var(--ink-3);padding:1rem 1.25rem;background:var(--stone-100);border-radius:8px;margin:1.5rem 0}.citations-wrap{margin-top:3rem;padding-top:2rem;border-top:1px solid var(--stone-200)}.citations-header{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;width:100%;padding-bottom:1rem;background:none;cursor:pointer}.citations-title{font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:clamp(1.25rem,1.6vw,1.375rem);font-weight:400;color:var(--ink)}.citations-chevron{width:18px;height:9px;transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1)}.citations-chevron path{fill:var(--ink);fill-opacity:.5}.citations-wrap[data-open=true] .citations-chevron{transform:rotate(180deg)}.citations-panel{max-height:0;overflow:hidden;transition:max-height .4s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1)}.citations-panel-inner{padding-top:.5rem}.citations-panel-inner ol{padding-left:1.25rem}.citations-panel-inner ol li{font-family:var(--font-body);font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.65;color:var(--ink-3);margin-bottom:.75rem}.citations-panel-inner ol li em{color:var(--ink-2)}.citations-panel-inner ol li a{color:var(--teal-500);text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:2px;word-break:break-word}.article-footer-meta{margin-top:2.5rem;padding-top:1.5rem;border-top:1px solid var(--stone-200);display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.75rem;font-family:var(--font-body);font-size:.8125rem}.article-footer-meta-label{color:var(--ink-3)}.article-footer-meta-value{color:var(--ink);font-weight:500}@media(max-width:900px){.article-body-inner{grid-template-columns:1fr}.article-sidebar{position:static}}.related-articles{padding:clamp(5rem,10vh,7rem) var(--px) clamp(4rem,8vh,6rem);background:var(--white)}.related-inner{max-width:var(--container);margin-inline:auto}.related-inner h2{font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:clamp(1.75rem,3vw,2.5rem);font-weight:400;line-height:1.1;letter-spacing:-.025em;color:var(--ink);margin-bottom:clamp(1.5rem,3vh,2rem)}.related-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(4,1fr);gap:clamp(1.25rem,2vw,1.75rem)}@media(max-width:1100px){.related-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,1fr)}}@media(max-width:900px){.related-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,1fr)}}@media(max-width:600px){.related-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}}.related-card{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.related-card-image{aspect-ratio:16 / 10;border-radius:12px;position:relative;overflow:hidden;transition:transform .35s cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1)}.related-card:hover .related-card-image{transform:scale(1.01)}.related-card-image.cat-1{background:radial-gradient(80% 60% at 30% 30%,rgba(88,181,197,.5),transparent 65%),linear-gradient(135deg,var(--teal-500),var(--navy-800))}.related-card-image.cat-2{background:radial-gradient(70% 70% at 70% 30%,rgba(186,176,163,.55),transparent 65%),linear-gradient(135deg,var(--ink-2),var(--ink))}.related-card-image.cat-3{background:radial-gradient(60% 60% at 50% 50%,rgba(88,181,197,.45),transparent 65%),linear-gradient(135deg,var(--teal-400),var(--teal-500))}.related-card-image.cat-4{background:radial-gradient(70% 60% at 25% 30%,rgba(48,160,179,.5),transparent 65%),linear-gradient(135deg,var(--teal-600),var(--navy-900))}.related-card-image:after{content:"";position:absolute;inset:0;background:repeating-linear-gradient(115deg,transparent 0,transparent 22px,rgba(255,255,255,.04) 22px,rgba(255,255,255,.04) 23px)}.related-card-body{padding:1.25rem .25rem;display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.625rem;flex:1}.related-card-meta{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.625rem;font-family:var(--font-body);font-size:.8125rem;color:var(--ink-3)}.related-card-tag{background:var(--stone-100);padding:4px 12px;border-radius:100px;color:var(--ink);font-weight:500}.related-card-bullet{width:3px;height:3px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--ink-5)}.related-card h3{font-family:var(--font-body);font-size:1.0625rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.25;letter-spacing:-.015em;color:var(--ink)}.related-card-author{margin-top:auto;padding-top:.5rem;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px}.related-card-avatar{width:24px;height:24px;border-radius:50%;background:var(--ink);color:#fff;font-size:10px;font-weight:600;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.related-card-author-name{font-size:.8125rem;font-weight:500;color:var(--ink)}.bg-article .article-lead{font-family:var(--font-display);font-style:italic;font-size:clamp(1.125rem,1.5vw,1.375rem);line-height:1.45;color:var(--ink)}.bg-article .article-rich h2{scroll-margin-top:100px}.bg-article>.article-rich>:first-child,.bg-article>:first-child{margin-top:0}.bg-article .bg-sources ol{list-style:decimal;padding-left:1.25rem}.bg-article .bg-sources ol li{display:list-item;padding-left:.25rem}.bg-article .bg-sources ol li:before{content:none}.bg-hero h1.is-long{font-size:clamp(1.75rem,3.1vw,2.5rem);line-height:1.12}.bg-toc-side .sidebar-cta{display:block;margin-top:1.25rem}.bg-toc-side .bg-toc-list a{padding-top:.4375rem;padding-bottom:.4375rem}.bg-toc-side{scrollbar-width:none}.bg-toc-side::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}.article-figure-img{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;aspect-ratio:16 / 9;border-radius:12px;object-fit:cover;background:var(--stone-100)}.article-rich .article-table{margin:1.75rem 0;overflow-x:auto;border:1px solid var(--stone-200);border-radius:12px}.article-rich .article-table table{width:100%;min-width:32rem;border-collapse:collapse;font-family:var(--font-body);font-size:.9375rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--ink-2)}.article-rich .article-table caption{padding:1rem 1.25rem .75rem;caption-side:top;text-align:left;font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:1.0625rem;color:var(--ink)}.article-rich .article-table th,.article-rich .article-table td{padding:.75rem 1.25rem;border-top:1px solid var(--stone-200);text-align:left;vertical-align:top}.article-rich .article-table th{background:var(--stone-50);font-size:.8125rem;font-weight:600;color:var(--ink)}.article-rich .article-table tbody th{background:none;font-size:inherit}.article-rich .article-inline-cta{margin:2rem 0;padding:1.5rem;border-left:3px solid var(--teal-500);border-radius:0 12px 12px 0;background:var(--stone-50)}.article-rich .article-inline-cta p{margin-bottom:.75rem;font-size:1rem}.article-rich .article-inline-cta .article-inline-cta-title{margin-bottom:.375rem;font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.25;color:var(--ink)}.article-rich .article-inline-cta .article-inline-cta-link{display:inline-block;padding:10px 24px;border-radius:100px;background:var(--ink);color:#fff;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:500;text-decoration:none}.article-rich .article-inline-cta .article-inline-cta-link:hover{background:var(--teal-500);color:#fff}#membership{scroll-margin-top:90px}.article-rich .ldl-calc{margin:1.75rem 0;padding:1.5rem;border:1px solid var(--stone-200);border-radius:12px;background:var(--stone-50);font-family:var(--font-body)}.ldl-calc-units{display:flex;gap:.5rem;margin:0 0 1.25rem;padding:0;border:none}.ldl-calc-units legend{margin-bottom:.5rem;font-size:.8125rem;font-weight:600;color:var(--ink)}.ldl-calc-toggle input{position:absolute;opacity:0;pointer-events:none}.ldl-calc-toggle span{display:inline-block;padding:6px 16px;border:1px solid var(--stone-300);border-radius:100px;background:var(--white);font-size:.875rem;color:var(--ink-2);cursor:pointer}.ldl-calc-toggle input:checked+span{border-color:var(--ink);background:var(--ink);color:#fff}.ldl-calc-toggle input:focus-visible+span{outline:2px solid var(--teal-500);outline-offset:2px}.ldl-calc-fields{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(10rem,1fr));gap:1rem}.ldl-calc-field{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.375rem}.ldl-calc-label{font-size:.875rem;font-weight:500;color:var(--ink)}.ldl-calc-input{display:flex;align-items:center;border:1px solid var(--stone-300);border-radius:8px;background:var(--white)}.ldl-calc-input:focus-within{border-color:var(--teal-500)}.ldl-calc-input input{flex:1;min-width:0;padding:10px 12px;border:none;background:none;font:inherit;font-size:1rem;color:var(--ink);outline:none}.ldl-calc-unit{padding-right:12px;font-size:.8125rem;color:var(--ink-3)}.ldl-calc-result{margin-top:1.25rem;padding-top:1.25rem;border-top:1px solid var(--stone-200)}.ldl-calc-out{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(12rem,1fr));gap:.75rem;margin:0}.ldl-calc-out dt{font-size:.8125rem;color:var(--ink-3)}.ldl-calc-out dd{margin:2px 0 0;font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:1.375rem;color:var(--ink)}.article-rich .ldl-calc .ldl-calc-msg{margin:.75rem 0 0;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--ink-2)}.article-rich .ldl-calc .ldl-calc-fine{margin:1rem 0 0;font-size:.8125rem;line-height:1.5;color:var(--ink-3)}.bg-article .article-notice{margin:0 0 2rem;padding:.875rem 1.125rem;border-radius:8px;background:var(--stone-100);font-family:var(--font-body);font-size:.8125rem;line-height:1.55;color:var(--ink-3)}.bg-targets.bg-targets--rows{display:block;margin-top:1.25rem;padding-top:0;border-top:none}.bg-targets--rows>div{display:grid;grid-template-columns:minmax(8rem,2fr) 3fr;gap:.25rem 1.25rem;padding:.75rem 0;border-top:1px solid var(--stone-200)}.bg-targets--rows dt{font-size:.8125rem;line-height:1.4;color:var(--ink-3)}.bg-targets.bg-targets--rows dd{display:flex;flex-direction:column;gap:.125rem;margin:0;font-family:var(--font-body);font-size:.9375rem;line-height:1.4;letter-spacing:0;color:var(--ink-2)}.bg-targets--rows dd span:first-child{font-weight:600;color:var(--ink)}@media(max-width:560px){.bg-targets--rows>div{grid-template-columns:1fr}}